Last Updated on April 1, 2020

IRS FAQs: FFCRA Tax Credits for Small and Midsize Businesses

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has issued answers to frequently asked questions (FAQs) about how the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (the FFCRA) tax credits apply to small and midsize businesses. The FFCRA, was signed by President Trump on March 18, 2020, provides small and midsize employers refundable tax credits that reimburse them, dollar-for-dollar, for the cost of providing paid sick and family leave wages to their employees for leave related to COVID-19.

The FFCRA gives businesses with fewer than 500 employees (referred to throughout these FAQs as “Eligible Employers”) funds to provide employees with paid sick and family and medical leave for reasons related to COVID-19, either for the employee’s own health needs or to care for family members. Workers may receive up to 80 hours of paid sick leave for their own health needs or to care for others and up to an additional ten weeks of paid family leave to care for a child whose school or place of care is closed or child care provider is closed or unavailable due to COVID-19 precautions.

For more information regarding HR policies during the COVID-19 crisis, COVID-19 support and information or other HR needs, contact MyHRConcierge at 1-855-538-6947 x.108 or email ccooley@myhrconcierge.com.

 

FAQs about IRS Tax Credits

1. What tax credits does the FFCRA provide?

The FFCRA provides businesses with tax credits to cover certain costs of providing employees with required paid sick leave and expanded family and medical leave for reasons related to COVID-19, from April 1, 2020, through December 31, 2020.

2. When can employers start claiming the credits?

Eligible Employers may claim tax credits for qualified leave wages paid to employees on leave due to paid sick leave or expanded family and medical leave for reasons related to COVID-19 for leave taken beginning on April 1, 2020, and ending on December 31, 2020.

Eligible Employers will claim the credits on their federal employment tax returns (e.g., Form 941, Employer’s Quarterly Federal Tax Return), but they can benefit more quickly from the credits by reducing their federal employment tax deposits.  If there are insufficient federal employment taxes to cover the amount of the credits, an Eligible Employer may request an advance payment of the credits from the IRS by submitting a Form 7200, Advance Payment of Employer Credits Due to COVID-19. The IRS expects to begin processing these requests during April 2020.

For the circumstances, amounts, and period for which the credits are available, see “Determining the Amount of the Tax Credit for Qualified Sick Leave Wages,” “Determining the Amount of the Tax Credit for Qualified Family Leave Wages,” and “Periods of Time for Which Credits are Available.”

3. When will employers start to receive the credits?

After qualified leave wage payments have been made, Eligible Employers may receive payment of the credits in accordance with applicable IRS procedures.

For more information, see “How do Eligible Employers claim the credit?”

4. What documentation must an Eligible Employer retain to substantiate eligibility to claim the tax credits?

Eligible Employers claiming the credits for qualified leave wages (and allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare taxes), must retain records and documentation related to and supporting each employee’s leave to substantiate the claim for the credits, and retain the Forms 941, Employer’s Quarterly Federal Tax Return, and 7200, Advance of Employer Credits Due To COVID-19, and any other applicable filings made to the IRS requesting the credit.

For more information, see “How Should an Employer Substantiate Eligibility for Tax Credits for Qualified Leave Wages?”

5. What employers may claim the tax credits?

Eligible Employers that are entitled to claim the refundable tax credits are businesses and tax-exempt organizations that: (i) have fewer than 500 employees, and (ii) are required under the FFCRA to pay “qualified sick leave wages” and/or “qualified family leave wages.”

For more information, see “Only businesses that employ fewer than 500 employees are eligible for the credit, because only those businesses are required to provide qualified leave wages.  How is the “fewer than 500 employees” threshold determined?”

6. What is the amount of the refundable tax credits available to Eligible Employers?

The credits covers 100 percent of up to ten days of the qualified sick leave wages and up to ten weeks of the qualified family leave wages (and any qualified health plan expenses allocable to those wages) that an Eligible Employer paid during a calendar quarter, plus the amount of the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare taxes imposed on those wages.  Qualified sick leave and qualified family leave under the FFCRA are in addition to employees’ preexisting leave entitlements.  See the Department of Labor’s Families First Coronavirus Response Act: Questions and Answers for rules regarding required FFCRA paid sick leave and expanded family and medical leave and other leave entitlements.  Eligible Employers may only claim a credit for qualified leave wages.

Example: An Eligible Employer pays $10,000 in qualified sick leave wages and qualified family leave wages in Q2 2020.  It does not owe the employer’s share of social security tax on the $10,000, but it will owe $145 for the employer’s share of Medicare tax.  Its credits equal $10,145, which include the $10,000 in qualified leave wages plus $145 for the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax (this example does not include any qualified health plan expenses allocable to the qualified leave wages).  This amount may be applied against any federal employment taxes that Eligible Employer is liable for on any wages paid in Q2 2020.  Any excess over the federal employment tax liabilities is refunded in accord with normal procedures.  Eligible Employer must still withhold the employee’s share of social security and Medicare taxes on the qualified leave wages paid.

For more information, see “What is included in “qualified sick leave wages”?” and “What is included in “qualified family leave wages”?”

7. What are “qualified sick leave wages”?

Qualified sick leave wages are wages that the FFCRA requires an employer to pay to an employee who is unable to work or telework because of either the employee’s personal health status (that is, the employee is under COVID-19 quarantine or self-quarantine or has COVID-19 symptoms and is seeking a medical diagnosis) or the employee’s need to care for others (that is, the employee is caring for someone with COVID-19 or for a child whose school or place of care is closed or child care provider is unavailable).

For more information, see “What is included in “qualified sick leave wages”?”

8. What are “qualified family leave wages”?

Qualified family leave wages are wages that the FFCRA requires an employer to pay to an employee who is unable to work or telework because the employee is caring for a child whose school or place of care is closed or child care provider is unavailable due to COVID-19-related reasons.

For more information, see “What is included in “qualified family leave wages”?”

9. What are “qualified health plan expenses”?

Qualified health plan expenses are amounts paid or incurred by an Eligible Employer to provide and maintain a group health plan (as defined in section 5000(b)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code) that are allocable to the employee’s qualified leave wages.

For more information, see “Determining the Amount of Allocable Qualified Health Plan Expenses.”

10. What is the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on qualified leave wages?

The FFCRA adds to the tax credits the amount of the Hospital Insurance tax, also known as Medicare tax, that Eligible Employers are required to pay on qualified leave wages.  The rate for this tax is 1.45 percent of wages.  (Eligible employers subject to Railroad Retirement Tax Act do not get this credit.)

Note: There is no credit for the employer portion of OASDI tax, also known as social security tax, that Eligible Employers are required to pay on the qualified leave wages because the qualified leave wages are not subject to this tax.

11. Are any small businesses exempt from the requirements to provide qualified sick or family leave wages?

The FFCRA permits the Department of Labor to provide rules that a business with fewer than 50 employees may use to claim an exemption from providing paid sick leave and expanded family and medical leave for the purpose of caring for a child whose school or place of care is closed or whose child care provider is unavailable due to COVID-19-related reasons if providing these qualified leave wages would jeopardize the viability of their businesses as a going concern.  Any business that claims the exemption is not entitled to tax credits for any qualified leave wages that they are exempt from providing.

Also note that the FFCRA permits employers whose employees are health care providers or emergency responders not to provide qualified sick leave or qualified family leave wages to those employees.
For more information about exemptions from the requirement to provide paid sick leave and expanded family and medical leave under the FFCRA, see the Department of Labor’s Families First Coronavirus Response Act: Questions and Answers.

12. How do Eligible Employers claim the credits?

Eligible Employers will report their total qualified leave wages (and allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) for each quarter on their federal employment tax return, usually Form 941, Employer’s Quarterly Federal Tax Return.  Form 941 is used to report income tax and social security and Medicare taxes withheld by most Eligible Employers from employee wages, as well as the Eligible Employer’s own share of social security and Medicare taxes.

In anticipation of receiving the credits, Eligible Employers can fund qualified leave wages (and allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) by accessing federal employment taxes related to wages paid between April 1, 2020, and December 31, 2020, including withheld taxes, that would otherwise be required to be deposited with the IRS.  This means that in anticipation of claiming the credits on the Form 941, Eligible Employers can retain the federal employment taxes that they otherwise would have deposited, including federal income tax withheld from employees, the employees’ share of social security and Medicare taxes, and the Eligible Employer’s share of social security and Medicare taxes with respect to all employees.  The Form 941 will provide instructions about how to reflect the reduced liabilities for the quarter related to the deposit schedule.

For more information, see “How to Claim the Credits.”

13. What if an Eligible Employer does not have enough federal employment taxes set aside for deposit to cover its obligation to provide qualified leave wages?

If an Eligible Employer does not have enough federal employment taxes set aside for deposit to cover its obligation to provide qualified leave wages (and allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages), the employer may request an advance of the credits by completing Form 7200, Advance Payment of Employer Credits Due to COVID-19. The Eligible Employer will account for the amounts received as an advance when it files its Form 941, Employer’s Quarterly Federal Tax Return, for the relevant quarter.

For more information about claiming the tax credits for providing qualified leave wages, see “How to Claim the Credits.”

14. What makes the credits “fully refundable”?

The credits are fully refundable because the Eligible Employer may get a refund if the amount of the credits is more than certain federal employment taxes the Eligible Employer owes.  That is, if for any calendar quarter the amount of the credits the Eligible Employer is entitled to exceeds the employer portion of the social security tax on all wages (or the employer portion of the social security tax and Medicare tax on all compensation for employers subject to RRTA) paid to all employees, then the excess is treated as an overpayment and refunded to the Eligible Employer under sections 6402(a) or 6413(a) of the Internal Revenue Code.

15. Are similar tax credits available to self-employed individuals?

Yes. The FFCRA also provides comparable credits for self-employed individuals carrying on any trade or business within the meaning of section 1402 of the Internal Revenue Code if the self-employed individual would be entitled to receive paid leave under the EPSLA or Expanded FMLA if the individual were an employee of an employer (other than him or herself).

For more information about how the credits apply to self-employed individuals, see “Specific Provisions Related to Self-Employed Individuals.”

16. Only businesses that employ fewer than 500 employees are eligible for the credits, because only those businesses are required to provide qualified leave wages.  How is the “fewer than 500 employees” threshold determined?

A business is considered to have fewer than 500 employees if, at the time an employee’s leave is to be taken, the business employs fewer than 500 full-time and part-time employees within the United States, which includes any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, or any Territory or possession of the United States.  The DOL guidance provides a more detailed summary of which workers must be taken into account for purposes of the fewer than 500 employee threshold.  DOL guidance also explains when business entities should be treated as separate employers and when they should be aggregated as a single employer for purposes of determining their total number of employees.

For more information, see the Department of Labor’s Families First Coronavirus Response Act: Questions and Answers.

17. May an Eligible Employer reduce its federal employment tax deposit by the qualified leave wages that it has paid without incurring a failure to deposit penalty?

Yes.  An Eligible Employer will not be subject to a penalty under section 6656 of the Internal Revenue Code for failing to deposit federal employment taxes relating to qualified leave wages (and allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) in a calendar quarter if:

1. the Eligible Employer paid qualified leave wages to its employees in the calendar quarter before the required deposit,
2. the amount of federal employment taxes that the Eligible Employer does not timely deposit is less than or equal to the amount of the Eligible Employer’s anticipated tax credits for these qualified leave wages (and allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) for the calendar quarter as of the time of the required deposit, and
3. the Eligible Employer did not seek payment of an advance credit by filing Form 7200, Advance Payment of Employer Credits Due to COVID-19, with respect to any portion of the anticipated credits it relied upon to reduce its deposits.

For more information about the relief from the penalty for failure to deposit federal employment taxes on account of qualified leave wages, see Notice 2020-22 (PDF).

18. May an Eligible Employer receive both the tax credits for qualified leave wages under the FFCRA and the Employee Retention Credit under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act)?

Yes, if an Eligible Employer also meets the requirements for the employee retention credit, it may receive both credits, but not for the same wage payments.

Section 2301 of the CARES Act allows certain employers subject to a full or partial closure order due to COVID-19 or experiencing a significant decline in gross receipts a tax credit for retaining their employees.  This employee retention credit is equal to 50% of qualified wages (including allocable qualified health plan expenses) paid to employees after March 12, 2020, and before January 1, 2021, up to $10,000 in qualified wages for each employee for all calendar quarters.  However, the qualified wages for the employee retention credit do not include the amount of qualified leave wages for which the employer received tax credits under the FFCRA.

Note: The IRS expects to issue Frequently Asked Questions on the employee retention credit under the CARES Act during April 2020.

19. May an Eligible Employer receive both the tax credits for qualified leave wages under the FFCRA and a Small Business Interruption Loan under the CARES Act?

Yes.  However, if an Eligible Employer receives tax credits for qualified leave wages, those wages are not eligible as “payroll costs” for purposes of receiving loan forgiveness under section 1106 of the CARES Act.

Determining the Amount of the Tax Credit for Qualified Sick Leave Wages

20. What is included in “qualified sick leave wages”?

Qualified sick leave wages are wages (as defined in section 3121(a) of the Internal Revenue Code for social security and Medicare tax purposes) that Eligible Employers must pay eligible employees for periods of leave during which they are unable to work or telework because the employee:

1. is subject to a Federal, State, or local quarantine or isolation order related to COVID-19;
2. has been advised by a health care provider to self-quarantine due to concerns related to COVID-19;
3. is experiencing symptoms of COVID-19 and seeking a medical diagnosis;
4. is caring for an individual who is subject to a Federal, State, or local quarantine or isolation order related to COVID-19, or has been advised by a health care provider to self-quarantine due to concerns related to COVID-19;
5. is caring for a child of such employee if the school or place of care of the child has been closed, or the child care provider of such child is unavailable due to COVID-19 precautions; or
6. is experiencing any other substantially similar condition specified by the Secretary of Health and Human Services in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Labor.
7. How much credit may an Eligible Employer receive for qualified sick leave wages that it pays?

An Eligible Employer may claim a fully refundable tax credit equal to 100 percent of the qualified sick leave wages (and allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified sick leave wages) it pays.

For more information about how to determine the amount of sick leave wages for which an Eligible Employer may receive credit, see “How does an Eligible Employer determine the amounts of the qualified sick leave wages it is required to pay?”

22. How does an Eligible Employer determine the amounts of the qualified sick leave wages it is required to pay?

The amounts that an Eligible Employer must pay for qualified sick leave wages vary depending on the reason for which the employee is unable to work or telework, the duration of the employee’s absence, the employee’s hours, and the employee’s regular rate of pay (or, if higher, the federal minimum wage or any applicable State or local minimum wage).

1. What is the rate of pay for qualified sick leave wages if an employee is unable to work or telework due to his or her own health needs?

If an employee is unable to work or telework because he or she:

1. Is subject to a Federal, State, or local quarantine or isolation order related to COVID-19;
2. Has been advised by a health care provider to self-quarantine due to concerns related to COVID-19; or
3. Is experiencing symptoms of COVID-19 and seeking a medical diagnosis;

the Eligible Employer must pay qualified sick leave wages for up to two weeks (up to 80 hours) at a rate for each hour of the greatest of the following:

1. The employee’s regular rate of pay (as determined under section 7(e) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938);
2. The minimum wage rate in effect under section 6(a)(1) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938; or
3. The minimum wage rate in effect for the employee in the applicable State or locality, whichever is greater, in which the employee is employed.

The maximum amount of qualified sick leave wages paid for these reasons is up to $511 per day and $5,110 in the aggregate.

For more information, see the Department of Labor’s Families First Coronavirus Response Act: Questions and Answers.

1. What is the rate of pay for qualified sick leave wages if an employee is unable to work or telework because he or she needs to care for others?

If an employee is unable to work or telework because he or she: 

1. Is caring for an individual who is subject to a Federal, State, or local quarantine or isolation order related to COVID-19, or has been advised by a health care provider to self-quarantine due to concerns related to COVID-19;
2. Is caring for a child of such employee if the school or place of care of the child has been closed, or the child care provider of such child is unavailable due to COVID-19 precautions; or
3. Is experiencing any other substantially similar condition specified by the Secretary of Health and Human Services in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Labor;

the Eligible Employer must pay qualified sick leave wages for up to two weeks (up to 80 hours) at a rate for each hour of 2/3 of the greatest of the following:

1. The employee’s regular rate of pay (as determined under section 7(e) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938);
2. The minimum wage rate in effect under section 6(a)(1) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938; or
3. The minimum wage rate in effect for the employee in the applicable State or locality, whichever is greater, in which the employee is employed.

The maximum amount of qualified sick leave wages paid due to the need to care for others as described above is up to $200 per day and $2,000 in the aggregate.

For more information, see the Department of Labor’s Families First Coronavirus Response Act: Questions and Answers.

1. How are employees’ hours determined for purposes of the qualified paid sick leave requirements?

Full-time employees are entitled to up to 80 hours of paid sick leave between April 1, 2020, and December 31, 2020.  Part-time employees are entitled to the number of hours of paid sick leave that the employee works, on average, in a two-week period, or if the employee’s normal scheduled hours are unknown or variable, under other alternative determinations, as provided by DOL guidance.

For more information, including how to determine whether an employee is full-time or part-time and how to determine the number of hours to be paid to employees who are entitled to paid sick leave, see the Department of Labor’s Families First Coronavirus Response Act: Questions and Answers.

23. Are amounts other than qualified sick leave wages included in the tax credit for required sick leave?

Yes.  The credit also includes the amount of the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax imposed on the qualified sick leave wages and any qualified health plan expenses allocable to those wages.  Qualified health plan expenses are amounts paid or incurred by the Eligible Employer to provide and maintain a group health plan to the extent that the amounts are excluded from the employees’ gross income under section 106(a) of the Internal Revenue Code.  The qualified sick leave wages are not subject to the employer portion of social security tax.

Note: The credit for the employer’s share of Medicare tax does not apply to Eligible Employers that are subject to Railroad Retirement Tax Act (RRTA) because qualified sick leave wages are not subject to Medicare tax under RRTA.

For more information about the additions to the tax credit for allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax, see “Determining the Amount of Allocable Qualified Health Plan Expenses,” and “Determining the Amount of the Increase to the Credits for the Eligible Employer’s Share of Medicare Tax.”

24. Is a similar tax credit available to self-employed individuals?

Yes.  The FFCRA also provides a comparable credit for self-employed individuals carrying on any trade or business within the meaning of section 1402 of the Internal Revenue Code if the self-employed individual would be entitled to receive paid sick leave under the EPSLA if the individual were an employee of an employer (other than him or herself).

For more information, see “Specific Provisions Related to Self-Employed Individuals.”

Determining the Amount of the Tax Credit for Qualified Family Leave Wages

The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) generally entitles eligible employees of covered employers to unpaid, job-protected leave for specified family and medical reasons.  The FFCRA amended the FMLA (these FAQs refer this portion of the FFCRA as “the Expanded FMLA”) to require an Eligible Employer to provide qualified family leave wages when an employee is unable to work or telework due to a need for leave to care for a child of the employee if the child’s school or place of care has been closed, or because the child care provider of the child is unavailable, for reasons related to COVID-19.

For more information, see the Department of Labor’s Families First Coronavirus Response Act: Questions and Answers.

25. What is included in “qualified family leave wages”?

Qualified family leave wages are wages (as defined in section 3121(a) of the Internal Revenue Code for social security and Medicare tax purposes) that Eligible Employers must pay eligible employees for periods of leave during which they are unable to work or telework due to a need for leave to care for a child of such employee if the child’s school or place of care has been closed, or because the child care provider of the child is unavailable, due to COVID-19 related reasons.  The first ten days for which an employee takes leave for this reason may be unpaid.  However, during that 10-day period, an employee may be entitled to receive qualified sick leave wages as provided under the ESPLA or may receive other forms of paid leave, such as accrued sick leave, annual leave, or other paid time off under the Eligible Employer’s policy.  After an employee takes leave for ten days, the Eligible Employer must provide the employee with qualified family leave wages for up to ten weeks.

For more information, see the Department of Labor’s Families First Coronavirus Response Act: Questions and Answers.

26. How much credit may an Eligible Employer receive for qualified family leave wages?

An Eligible Employer may claim a fully refundable tax credit equal to 100 percent of the qualified family leave wages (and allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified family leave wages) it pays.

For more information about how to determine the amount of family leave wages for which an Eligible Employer may receive credit, see “How does an Eligible Employer determine the amounts of the qualified family leave wages it is required to pay?”

27. How does an Eligible Employer determine the amounts of the qualified family leave wages it is required to pay?

The Eligible Employer is required to pay the employee qualified family leave wages in an amount equal to at least two-thirds of the employee’s regular rate of pay, multiplied by the number of hours the employee otherwise would have been scheduled to work, not to exceed $200 per day and $10,000 in the aggregate for the calendar year.

28. What is the rate of pay for qualified family leave wages?

An Eligible Employer must pay qualified family leave wages for up to ten weeks at a rate that is 2/3 of the employee’s regular rate of pay (as determined under section 7(e) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938).

29. Are amounts other than qualified family leave wages included in the tax credit for required paid family leave?

Yes.  The credit also includes the amount of the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax imposed on the qualified family leave wages and any qualified health plan expenses allocable to those wages.  Qualified health plan expenses are amounts paid or incurred by the Eligible Employer to provide and maintain a group health plan to the extent that the amounts are excluded from the employee’s gross income under section 106(a) of the Internal Revenue Code.  The qualified family leave wages are not subject to the employer portion of social security tax.

Note: The credit for the employer’s share of Medicare tax does not apply to Eligible Employers that are subject to Railroad Retirement Tax Act (RRTA) because qualified family leave wages are not subject to Medicare tax under RRTA.

For more information about the additions to the tax credit for allocable qualified health plan expenses, see “Determining the Amount of Allocable Qualified Health Plan Expenses.”

For more information about determining the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax, see “What is the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on qualified leave wages?”

30. Is a similar tax credit available to self-employed individuals?

Yes.  The FFCRA also provides a comparable credit for self-employed individuals carrying on any trade or business within the meaning of section 1402 of the Internal Revenue Code if the self-employed individual would be entitled to receive paid leave under the Expanded FMLA if the individual were an employee of an employer (other than him or herself).

For more information, “Specific Provisions Related to Self-Employed Individuals.”

Determining the Amount of Allocable Qualified Health Plan Expenses

“Qualified health plan expenses” are amounts paid or incurred by the Eligible Employer to provide and maintain a group health plan (as defined in section 5000(b)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”)), but only to the extent that those amounts are excluded from the gross income of employees by reason of section 106(a) of the Code.

Generally, the tax credits for qualified sick leave wages and qualified family leave wages are increased by the qualified health plan expenses allocable to each type of qualified leave wages.  Qualified health plan expenses are properly allocated to the qualified sick or family leave wages if the allocation is made on a pro rata basis among covered employees (for example, the average premium for all employees covered by a policy) and pro rata on the basis of periods of coverage (relative to the time periods of leave to which such wages relate).

31. Does the amount of qualified health plan expenses include both the portion of the cost paid by the Eligible Employer and the portion of the cost paid by the employee?

The amount of qualified health plan expenses taken into account in determining the credits generally includes both the portion of the cost paid by the Eligible Employer and the portion of the cost paid by the employee with pre-tax salary reduction contributions.  However, the qualified health plan expenses should not include amounts that the employee paid for with after-tax contributions.

32. For an Eligible Employer that sponsors more than one plan for its employees (for example, both a group health plan and a health flexible spending arrangement (health FSA)), or more than one plan covering different employees, how are the qualified health plan expenses for each employee determined?

The qualified health plan expenses are determined separately for each plan.  Then, for each plan, those expenses are allocated to the employees who participate in that plan.  In the case of an employee who participates in more than one plan, the allocated expenses of each plan in which the employee participates are aggregated for that employee.

33. For an Eligible Employer who sponsors a fully-insured group health plan, how are the qualified health plan expenses of that plan allocated to the qualified sick or family leave wages on a pro rata basis?

An Eligible Employer who sponsors a fully-insured group health plan may use any reasonable method to determine and allocate the plan expenses, including (1) the COBRA applicable premium for the employee typically available from the insurer, (2) one average premium rate for all employees, or (3) a substantially similar method that takes into account the average premium rate determined separately for employees with self-only and other than self-only coverage.

If an Eligible Employer chooses to use one average premium rate for all employees, the allocable amount for each day an employee covered by the insured group health plan is entitled to qualified leave wages could be determined using the following steps:

1. The Eligible Employer’s overall annual premium for the employees covered by the policy is divided by the number of employees covered by the policy to determine the average annual premium per employee.
2. The average annual premium per employee is divided by the average number of work days during the year by all covered employees (treating days of paid leave as a work day and a work day as including any day on which work is performed) to determine the average daily premium per employee. For example, a full-year employee working five days per week may be treated as working 52 weeks x 5 days or 260 days. Calculations for part-time and seasonal employees who participate in the plan should be adjusted as appropriate.  Eligible Employers may use any reasonable method for calculating part-time employee work days.
3. The resulting amount is the amount allocated to each day of qualified sick or family leave wages.

Example: An Eligible Employer sponsors an insured group health plan that covers 400 employees, some with self-only coverage and some with family coverage.  Each employee is expected to have 260 work days a year. (Five days a week for 52 weeks.)  The employees contribute a portion of their premium by pre-tax salary reduction, with different amounts for self-only and family.  The total annual premium for the 400 employees is $5.2 million.  (This includes both the amount paid by the Eligible Employer and the amounts paid by employees through salary reduction.)

For an Eligible Employer using one average premium rate for all employees, the average annual premium rate is $5.2 million divided by 400, or $13,000.  For each employee expected to have 260 work days a year, this results in a daily average premium rate equal to $13,000 divided by 260, or $50.  That $50 is the amount of qualified health expenses allocated to each day of paid sick or family leave per employee.

34. For an Eligible Employer who sponsors a self-insured group health plan, how are the qualified health plan expenses of that plan allocated to the qualified leave wages on a pro rata basis?

An Eligible Employer who sponsors a self-insured group health plan may use any reasonable method to determine and allocate the plan expenses, including (1) the COBRA applicable premium for the employee typically available from the administrator, or (2) any reasonable actuarial method to determine the estimated annual expenses of the plan.

If the Eligible Employer uses a reasonable actuarial method to determine the estimated annual expenses of the plan, then rules similar to the rules for insured plans are used to determine the amount of expenses allocated to an employee.  That is, the estimated annual expense is divided by the number of employees covered by the plan, and that amount is divided by the average number of work days during the year by the employees (treating days of paid leave as work days and any day on which an employee performs any work as work days).  The resulting amount is the amount allocated to each day of qualified sick or family leave wages.

35. For an Eligible Employer who sponsors a health savings account (HSA), or Archer Medical Saving Account (Archer MSA) and a high deductible health plan (HDHP), are contributions to the HSA or Archer MSA included in the qualified health plan expenses?

The amount of qualified health plan expenses does not include Eligible Employer contributions to HSAs or Archer MSAs.  Eligible Employers who sponsor an HDHP should calculate the amount of qualified expenses in the same manner as an insured group health plan, or a self-insured plan, as applicable.

36. For an Eligible Employer who sponsors a health reimbursement arrangement (HRA), a health flexible spending arrangement (health FSA), or a qualified small employer health reimbursement arrangement (QSEHRA), are contributions to the HRA, health FSA, or QSEHRA included in the qualified health plan expenses?

The amount of qualified health plan expenses may include contributions to an HRA (including an individual coverage HRA), or a health FSA, but does not include contributions to a QSEHRA.  To allocate contributions to an HRA or a health FSA, Eligible Employers should use the amount of contributions made on behalf of the particular employee.

How to Claim the Credits

37. How does an Eligible Employer claim the refundable tax credits for qualified leave wages (plus any allocable qualified health plan expenses and the amount of the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax)?

Eligible Employers will report their total qualified leave wages and the related credits for each quarter on their federal employment tax returns, usually Form 941, Employer’s Quarterly Federal Tax Return.  Form 941 is used to report income and social security and Medicare taxes withheld by the employer from employee wages, as well as the employer’s portion of social security and Medicare tax.

In anticipation of receiving the credits, Eligible Employers can fund qualified leave wages (and allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) by accessing federal employment taxes, including withheld taxes, that are required to be deposited with the IRS or by requesting an advance from the IRS.

For more information on ways Eligible Employers can access funds for the credit before filing the Form 941, see “How can an Eligible Employer that is required to pay qualified leave wages fund the payment of these wages if the Eligible Employer does not have sufficient federal employment taxes set aside for deposit to cover those payments?  Can the employer get an advance of the credits?”

38. Can an Eligible Employer required to pay qualified leave wages fund these payments before receiving the credits by reducing its federal employment tax deposits?

An Eligible Employer may fund the qualified leave wages (and allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) by accessing federal employment taxes, including those that the Eligible Employer already withheld, that are set aside for deposit with the IRS, for other wage payments made during the same quarter as the qualified leave wages.

That is, an Eligible Employer that pays qualified leave wages to its employees in a calendar quarter before it is required to deposit federal employment taxes with the IRS for that quarter may reduce the amount of federal employment taxes it deposits for that quarter by the amount of the qualified leave wages (and allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) paid in that calendar quarter.  The Eligible Employer must account for the reduction in deposits on the Form 941, Employer’s Quarterly Federal Tax Return, for the quarter.

Example: An Eligible Employer paid $5,000 in qualified sick leave wages and qualified family leave wages (and allocable health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) and is otherwise required to deposit $8,000 in federal employment taxes, including taxes withheld from all of its employees, for wage payments made during the same quarter as the $5,000 in qualified leave wages.  The Eligible Employer may keep up to $5,000 of the $8,000 of taxes the Eligible Employer was going to deposit, and it will not owe a penalty for keeping the $5,000.  The Eligible Employer is then only required to deposit the remaining $3,000 on its required deposit date. The Eligible Employer will later account for the $5,000 it retained when it files Form 941, Employer’s Quarterly Federal Tax Return, for the quarter.

For more information about relief under the FFCRA from failure to deposit penalties for failure to timely deposit certain federal employment taxes, see Notice 2020-22 (PDF) and “May an Eligible Employer reduce its federal employment tax deposit by the qualified leave wages that it has paid without incurring a failure to deposit penalty?”

39. Is an Eligible Employer that reduces its federal employment tax deposits to fund qualified leave wages that it has paid subject to penalty for failing to deposit federal employment taxes?

No, provided the Eligible Employer does not claim an advance for the same portion of the anticipated credits it relied upon to reduce its deposits.  That is, without being subject to a penalty for failing to deposit federal employment taxes under section 6656 of the Internal Revenue Code, an Eligible Employer that has paid qualified leave wages to its employees in a calendar quarter before it is required to deposit federal employment taxes with the IRS may reduce the amount of the federal employment tax deposit by the amount of the qualified leave wages (and allocable qualified health plan expenses plus the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) paid by the employer in that calendar quarter, as long as the employer does not also seek an advance credit for the same amount.  The total amount of any reduction in any required deposit may not exceed the total amount of qualified leave wages (and allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) in the calendar quarter, minus any amount of qualified leave wages (and allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) that had been previously used (1) to reduce a prior required deposit in the calendar quarter and obtain the relief provided by this notice or (2) to seek payment of an advance credit.

For more information about relief under the FFCRA from failure to deposit penalties for failure to timely deposit certain federal employment taxes, see Notice 2020-22 (PDF), and “May an Eligible Employer reduce its federal employment tax deposit by the qualified leave wages that it has paid without incurring a failure to deposit penalty?”

40. How can an Eligible Employer that is required to pay qualified leave wages fund the payment of these wages if the Eligible Employer does not have sufficient federal employment taxes set aside for deposit to cover those payments?  Can the employer get an advance of the credits?

Yes.  Because quarterly returns are not filed until after qualified leave wages are required to be paid, some Eligible Employers may not have sufficient federal employment taxes set aside for deposit to the IRS to fund their required qualified leave wages.  Accordingly, the IRS has a procedure for obtaining an advance of the refundable credits.

The Eligible Employer should first reduce its remaining federal employment tax deposits for wages paid in the same quarter to zero.  If the permitted reduction in deposits does not equal the qualified leave wages (and allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages), the Eligible Employer can file a Form 7200, Advance Payment of Employer Credits Due to COVID-19, to claim an advance credit for the remaining qualified leave wages (and any allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) it has paid for the quarter for which it did not have sufficient federal employment tax deposits.

If an Eligible Employer fully reduces its required deposits of federal employment taxes otherwise due on wages paid in the same calendar quarter to its employees in anticipation of receiving the credits, and it has not paid qualified leave wages (and any allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) in excess of this amount, it should not file the Form 7200.  If it files the Form 7200, it will need to reconcile this advance credit and its deposits with the qualified leave wages on Form 941 (or other applicable federal employment tax return such as Form 944 or Form CT-1), and it may have an underpayment of federal employment taxes for the quarter.

Example: An Eligible Employer paid $10,000 in qualified leave wages (and allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) and is otherwise required to deposit $8,000 in federal employment taxes, including taxes withheld from all of its employees, on wage payments made during the same quarter.  The Eligible Employer can keep the entire $8,000 of taxes that the Eligible Employer was otherwise required to deposit without penalties as a portion of the credits it is otherwise entitled to claim on the Form 941.  The Eligible Employer may file a request for an advance credit for the remaining $2,000 by completing Form 7200.

41. If the qualified leave wages (and any allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) exceed the Eligible Employer’s share of social security tax owed for a quarter, how does the Eligible Employer get a refund of the excess credits?  Does this affect what the Eligible Employer puts on its Form 941?

The amount of qualified leave wages (and any allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of the Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) in excess of the social security tax the Eligible Employer owes for the quarter is refundable.  If the amount of the credits exceeds the employer portion of social security tax, then the excess is treated as an overpayment and refunded to the employer under sections 6402(a) or 6413(a) of the Internal Revenue Code.  Consistent with its treatment as an overpayment, the excess will be applied to offset any remaining tax liability on the Form 941, Employer’s Quarterly Federal Tax Return, and the amount of any remaining excess will be reflected as an overpayment on the Form 941.  Like other overpayments of federal taxes, the overpayment will be subject to offset under section 6402(a) of the Code prior to being refunded to the employer.

42. How does an Eligible Employer obtain Form 7200 and where should it send its completed form to receive the advance credit?

An Eligible Employer may obtain the Form 7200, Advance Payment of Employer Credits Due to COVID-19, and may fax its completed form to 855-248-0552.

43. What if an Eligible Employer does not initially pay an employee qualified leave wages when the employee is entitled to those wages, but pays those wages at a later date?

An Eligible Employer can claim the credits once it has paid the employee for the period of paid sick leave or expanded family and medical leave, as long as the qualified leave wages relate to leave taken during the period beginning on April 1, 2020, and ending on December 31, 2020.

How Should an Employer Substantiate Eligibility for Tax Credits for Qualified Leave Wages?

44. What information should an Eligible Employer receive from an employee and maintain to substantiate eligibility for the sick leave or family leave credits?

An Eligible Employer will substantiate eligibility for the sick leave or family leave credits if the employer receives a written request for such leave from the employee in which the employee provides:

1. The employee’s name;
2. The date or dates for which leave is requested;
3. A statement of the COVID-19 related reason the employee is requesting leave and written support for such reason; and
4. A statement that the employee is unable to work, including by means of telework, for such reason.

In the case of a leave request based on a quarantine order or self-quarantine advice, the statement from the employee should include the name of the governmental entity ordering quarantine or the name of the health care professional advising self-quarantine, and, if the person subject to quarantine or advised to self-quarantine is not the employee, that person’s name and relation to the employee.

In the case of a leave request based on a school closing or child care provider unavailability, the statement from the employee should include the name and age of the child (or children) to be cared for, the name of the school that has closed or place of care that is unavailable, and a representation that no other person will be providing care for the child during the period for which the employee is receiving family medical leave and, with respect to the employee’s inability to work or telework because of a need to provide care for a child older than fourteen during daylight hours, a statement that special circumstances exist requiring the employee to provide care.

45. What additional records should an Eligible Employer maintain to substantiate eligibility for the sick leave or family leave credit?

An Eligible Employer will substantiate eligibility for the sick leave or family leave credits if, in addition to the information set forth in FAQ 44 (“What information should an Eligible Employer receive from an employee and maintain to substantiate eligibility for the sick leave or family leave credits?”), the employer creates and maintains records that include the following information:

1. Documentation to show how the employer determined the amount of qualified sick and family leave wages paid to employees that are eligible for the credit, including records of work, telework and qualified sick leave and qualified family leave.
2. Documentation to show how the employer determined the amount of qualified health plan expenses that the employer allocated to wages. See FAQ 31 (“Determining the Amount of Allocable Qualified Health Plan Expenses”) for methods to compute this allocation.
3. Copies of any completed Forms 7200, Advance of Employer Credits Due To COVID-19, that the employer submitted to the IRS.
4. Copies of the completed Forms 941, Employer’s Quarterly Federal Tax Return, that the employer submitted to the IRS (or, for employers that use third party payers to meet their employment tax obligations, records of information provided to the third party payer regarding the employer’s entitlement to the credit claimed on Form 941).
5. How long should an Eligible Employer maintain records to substantiate eligibility for the sick leave or family leave credit?

An Eligible Employer should keep all records of employment taxes for at least 4 years after the date the tax becomes due or is paid, whichever comes later.  These should be available for IRS review.

Periods of Time for Which Credits are Available

47. How long are the refundable tax credits for qualified leave wages available?

The credits for Eligible Employers for qualified leave wages apply to wages paid with respect to the period of April 1, 2020, through December 31, 2020.

For more information on requirements and eligibility related to paid sick leave and expanded family and medical leave, see the Department of Labor’s Families First Coronavirus Response Act: Questions and Answers.

48. Are wage payments for qualified leave wages made after December 31, 2020, but for periods of leave taken before December 31, 2020, eligible for the credits?

Yes.  Notice 2020-21 provides that the payroll credits for paid qualified sick leave wages and paid qualified family leave wages apply to those wages paid for periods beginning on April 1, 2020 and ending on December 31, 2020.  While the wages can only be for periods of leave between April 1, 2020, and December 31, 2020, a payment of qualified leave wages that is made after the end of this period may nonetheless be eligible for the credits if the wages are for leave that an employee took between April 1, 2020, and December 31, 2020.

For more information, see Notice 2020-21 (PDF).

Special Issues for Employers: Taxation and Deductibility of Tax Credits

49. What amount does an Eligible Employer receiving tax credits for qualified leave wages (and allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) need to include in income?

An Eligible Employer must include the full amount of the credits for qualified leave wages (and any allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of the Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) in gross income.

50. May an Eligible Employer deduct as a business expense an amount paid to an employee for qualified leave wages (and allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) for which it expects to claim the tax credits?

Generally, an Eligible Employer’s payments of qualified leave wages (and any allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of the Medicare tax on the qualified wages) are deductible by the Eligible Employer as ordinary and necessary business expenses in the taxable year that these wages are paid or incurred.  An Eligible Employer may deduct as a business expense the amounts paid to an employee for qualified leave wages (and any allocable qualified health plan expenses and the Eligible Employer’s share of Medicare tax on the qualified leave wages) for which the Eligible Employer expects to claim the tax credits under sections 7001 or 7003 of the FFCRA, if the Eligible Employer is otherwise eligible to take the deduction.

51. Do the tax credits under sections 7001 and 7003 of the FFCRA reduce the amount deductible as federal employment taxes on an Eligible Employer’s income tax return?

Generally, an employer’s payment of certain federal employment taxes is deductible by the employer as an ordinary and necessary business expense in the taxable year that these taxes are paid or incurred, and the amount deductible is generally reduced by credits allowed.  Although the tax credits under sections 7001 and 7003 of the FFCRA are allowed against the Eligible Employer’s portion of the social security tax, the credits are treated as government payments to the employer that must be included in the Eligible Employer’s gross income.  If the employer is otherwise eligible to deduct its portion of the social security tax on all wages, the proper amount deductible by the employer is the amount of federal employment taxes before reduction by the tax credits.

Special Issues for Employers: Interaction of FFCRA Tax Credits with Other Tax Credits

52. May Eligible Employers receive credits under both section 45S of the Internal Revenue Code and tax credits for qualified leave wages under the FFCRA?

 

No.  There is no double benefit allowed.  Under sections 7001(e)(1) and 7003(e)(1) of the FFCRA, any qualified leave wages taken into account for the tax credits may not be taken into account for purposes of determining a credit under section 45S of the Internal Revenue Code.  Thus, an Eligible Employer may not claim a credit under section 45S with respect to the qualified sick leave wages or qualified family leave wages for which it receives a tax credit under FFCRA, but may be able to take a credit under section 45S with respect to any additional wages paid, provided the requirements of section 45S are met with respect to the additional wages.

Special Issues for Employers: Use of Third-Party Payers

53. Can an Eligible Employer that uses a third party to report and pay federal employment taxes to the IRS get the credits?

Yes, if an Eligible Employer is otherwise eligible to receive the credits, it (the common law employer) is entitled to the credits, regardless of whether it uses a third party payer (such as a professional employer organization (PEO), certified professional employer organization (CPEO), or agent) to report and pay its federal employment taxes.  The third party payer is not entitled to the credits with respect to the wages it remits on the Eligible Employer’s behalf (regardless of whether the third party is considered an “employer” for other purposes of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”)).   If an Eligible Employer uses a third party to file, report, and pay federal employment taxes, certain rules for claiming/reporting the credits will apply depending on the type of third party payer the Eligible Employer uses.

If an Eligible Employer uses a CPEO or a 3504 agent to report its federal employment taxes on an aggregate Form 941, Employer’s Quarterly Federal Tax Return, the CPEO or 3504 agent will report the credits on its aggregate Form 941 and Schedule R, Allocation Schedule for Aggregate Form 941 Filers, that it already files.  An Eligible Employer can submit its own Form 7200, Advance of Employer Credits Due To COVID-19, to claim the advance credit.  The Eligible Employer will need to provide a copy of the Form 7200 to the CPEO or 3504 agent so the CPEO or 3504 agent can properly report the credit on the Form 941.

If an Eligible Employer uses a non-certified PEO to report and pay its federal employment taxes, the PEO will need to report the credits on an aggregate Form 941 and separately report the credits allocable to the employers for which it is filing Form 941 on an accompanying schedule R. The PEO does not have to complete Schedule R with regard to employers for which it is not claiming a credit.  The Eligible Employer will need to provide a copy of any Form 7200 that it submitted for an advance to the PEO so it can properly report the credit on the Form 941.   These rules are similar to the rules that apply with regard to the payroll tax election available under section 41(h) of the Code for the credit for certain research and development expenses.

Special Issues for Employers: Other Issues

54. Can employees make salary reduction contributions from the amounts paid as qualified leave wages for their employer sponsored health plan, a 401(k) or other retirement plan, or any other benefits?

The FFCRA does not distinguish qualified leave wages from other wages an employee may receive from the employee’s standpoint as a taxpayer; thus, the same rules that generally apply to an employee’s regular wages (or compensation, for RRTA purposes) would apply from the employee’s standpoint.  To the extent that an employee has a salary reduction agreement in place with the Eligible Employer, the FFCRA does not include any provisions that explicitly prohibit taking salary reduction contributions for any plan from qualified sick leave wages or qualified family leave wages.

55. Should Eligible Employers withhold federal employment taxes on qualified leave wages paid to employees?

Yes.  Qualified leave wages are wages subject to withholding of federal income tax and the employee’s share of social security and Medicare taxes.  Qualified leave wages are also considered wages for purposes of other benefits that the Eligible Employer provides, such as contributions to 401(k) plans.

56. May a tax-exempt employer receive the credits?

Yes.  The FFCRA entitles Eligible Employers that pay qualified sick leave wages and qualified family leave wages to refundable tax credits.  Qualified sick leave wages and qualified family leave wages are those wages for paid sick leave and paid family and medical leave that are required to be paid under the FFCRA.  Tax-exempt organizations that are required to provide such paid sick leave or expanded paid family and medical leave may claim the tax credits.

Special Issues for Employees

57. Are qualified sick leave wages and qualified family leave wages taxable to employees?

Yes.  Under sections 7001(c) and 7003(c) of the FFCRA, qualified leave wages are wages as defined in section 3121(a) of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”) and compensation as defined in section 3231(e) of the Code, so the employee must pay social security and Medicare taxes (and for railroad employees, Tier II of the Railroad Retirement Tax Act tax).  In addition, wages are generally compensation for services subject to income tax under section 61 of the Code and federal income tax withholding under section 3402 of the Code unless an exception applies.  The FFCRA did not include an exception for qualified leave wages from income.

58. Are qualified sick leave wages and qualified family leave wages excluded from gross income as “qualified disaster relief payments”?

No.  Section 139 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) excludes from a taxpayer’s gross income certain payments to individuals to reimburse or pay for expenses related to a qualified disaster (“qualified disaster relief payments”).  Although the COVID-19 outbreak is a “qualified disaster” for purposes of section 139 the Code (see below), qualified leave wages are not excludible qualified disaster relief payments, because qualified leave wages are intended to replace wages or compensation that an individual would otherwise earn, rather than to serve as payments to offset any particular expenses that an individual would incur due to COVID-19.

Section 139(c)(2) of the Code provides that for purposes of section 139 of the Code, the term “qualified disaster” includes a federally declared disaster, as defined by 165(i)(5)(A) of the Code.  The COVID-19 pandemic is a “federally declared disaster,” as defined by section 165(i)(5)(A) of the Code.  On March 13, 2020, the President of the United States issued a Proclamation declaring a national emergency concerning the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) outbreak, stating that the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic warrants an emergency determination under section 501(b) of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, 42 U.S.C. 5121 – 5207.  A “qualified disaster relief payment” is defined by section 139(b) of the Code to include any amount paid to or for the benefit of an individual to reimburse or pay reasonable and necessary personal, family, living, or funeral expenses incurred as a result of a qualified disaster.  Qualified disaster relief payments do not include income replacements such as sick leave or other paid time off paid by an employer.

59. Can an employee receive both “qualified sick leave wages” and “qualified family leave wages”?

Yes, but at different times.  Qualified sick leave wages are available for up to 80 hours during which an employee cannot work or telework for any of six reasons related to COVID-19, including because the employee must care for his or her child whose school or place of care is closed, or whose child care provider is unavailable, due to COVID-19 related reasons.  By contrast, qualified family leave wages are available only because the employee must care for his or her child whose school or place of care is closed, or whose child care provider is unavailable, due to COVID-19 related reasons, and only after an employee has been unable to work or telework for this reason for 80 hours.

Example: Your child-care provider is unavailable indefinitely due to the COVID-19 outbreak, leaving you unable to work or telework to care for your child.  For up to the first 80 hours of any period of leave to care for your child, you are entitled to qualified sick leave wages, up to $200 per day and $2,000 in the aggregate.  After that, you are entitled to qualified family leave wages for up to ten weeks of additional leave you need, up to $200 per day and $10,000 in the aggregate.

Specific Provisions Related to Self-Employed Individuals

60. Who is an eligible self-employed individual for purposes of the qualified sick leave credit and the qualified family leave credit?

An eligible self-employed individual is defined as an individual who regularly carries on any trade or business within the meaning of section 1402 of the Code, and would be entitled to receive qualified sick leave wages or qualified family leave wages under the FFCRA if the individual were an employee of an Eligible Employer (other than himself or herself) that is subject to the requirements of the FFCRA.

Eligible self-employed individuals are allowed an income tax credit to offset their federal self-employment tax for any taxable year equal to their “qualified sick leave equivalent amount” or “qualified family leave equivalent amount.”

61. How is the “qualified sick leave equivalent amount” for an eligible self-employed individual calculated?

For an eligible self-employed individual who is unable to work or telework because the individual:

1. Is subject to a Federal, State, or local quarantine or isolation order related to COVID-19;
2. Has been advised by a health care provider to self-quarantine due to concerns related to COVID-19; or
3. Is experiencing symptoms of COVID-19 and seeking a medical diagnosis,

the qualified sick leave equivalent amount is equal to the number of days during the taxable year that the individual cannot perform services in the applicable trade or business for one of the three above reasons, multiplied by the lesser of $511 or 100 percent of the “average daily self-employment income” of the individual for the taxable year.

For an eligible self-employed individual who is unable to work or telework because the individual:

1. Is caring for an individual who is subject to a Federal, State, or local quarantine or isolation order related to COVID-19, or has been advised by a health care provider to self-quarantine due to concerns related to COVID-19;
2. Is caring for a child if the child’s school or place of care has been closed, or child care provider is unavailable due to COVID-19 precautions; or
3. Is experiencing any other substantially similar condition specified by the Secretary of Health and Human Services in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Labor,

the qualified sick leave equivalent amount is equal to the number of days during the taxable year that the individual cannot perform services in the applicable trade or business for one of the three above reasons, multiplied by the lesser of $200 or 67 percent of the “average daily self-employment income” of the individual for the taxable year.

In either case, the maximum number of days a self-employed individual may take into account in determining the qualified sick leave equivalent amount is ten.

Note:  The only days that may be taken into account in determining the qualified sick leave equivalent amount are days occurring during the period beginning on April 1, 2020, and ending on December 31, 2020.

62. How is the “average daily self-employment income” for an eligible self-employed individual calculated?

Average daily self-employment income is an amount equal to the net earnings from self-employment for the taxable year divided by 260.  A taxpayer’s net earnings from self-employment are based on the gross income that he or she derives from the taxpayer’s trade or business minus ordinary and necessary trade or business expenses.

63. How is the “qualified family leave equivalent amount” for an eligible self-employed individual calculated?

The qualified family leave equivalent amount with respect to an eligible self-employed individual is an amount equal to the number of days (up to 50) during the taxable year that the self-employed individual cannot perform services for which that individual would be entitled to paid family leave (if the individual were employed by an Eligible Employer (other than himself or herself)), multiplied by the lesser of two amounts: (1) $200, or (2) 67 percent of the average daily self-employment income of the individual for the taxable year.

64. Can a self-employed individual receive both qualified sick or family leave wages and qualified sick or family leave equivalent amounts?

Yes, but the qualified sick or family leave equivalent amounts are offset by the qualified sick or family leave wages.

That is, if an eligible self-employed individual receives qualified sick leave wages as an employee of an Eligible Employer (other than himself or herself), that individual’s qualified sick leave equivalent amount must be reduced (but not below zero) to the extent that the sum of the qualified sick leave equivalent amount and the qualified sick leave wages received exceeds:

• $5,110 in the case of any day any portion of which is paid sick time for when the individual:
  1. is subject to a Federal, State, or local quarantine or isolation order related to COVID-19;
  2. has been advised by a health care provider to self-quarantine due to concerns related to COVID-19; or
  3. is experiencing symptoms of COVID-19 and seeking a medical diagnosis.
• $2,000 in the case of any day any portion of which is paid sick time for when the individual:
  1. is caring for an individual who is subject to a Federal, State, or local quarantine or isolation order related to COVID-19, or has been advised by a health care provider to self-quarantine due to concerns related to COVID-19;
  2. is caring for a child if the child’s school or place of care has been closed, or child care provider is unavailable due to COVID-19 precautions; or
  3. is experiencing any other substantially similar condition specified by the Secretary of Health and Human Services in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Labor.

Example: Assume that an eligible self-employed individual’s qualified sick leave equivalent amount is $1,500, but the individual also works for an Eligible Employer and received qualified sick leave wages of $1,000 to care for the individual’s child while school was closed due to COVID-19. The individual’s qualified sick leave equivalent amount would be reduced by $500 [i.e., ($1,500 + $1,000) – $2,000], resulting in a credit for the qualified sick leave equivalent of $1,000 [i.e., $1,500 – $500].

If an eligible self-employed individual receives qualified family leave wages, the individual’s qualified family leave equivalent amount must be reduced (but not below zero) to the extent that the sum of the qualified family leave equivalent amount and the qualified family leave wages received exceeds $10,000.

Example: Assume that an eligible self-employed individual’s qualified family leave equivalent amount is $5,000, but the individual also works for an Eligible Employer and received qualified family leave wages of $9,000 to care for the individual’s child while school was closed due to COVID-19. The individual’s qualified family leave equivalent amount would be reduced by $4,000 [i.e., ($5,000 + $9,000) – $10,000], resulting in a credit for the qualified family leave equivalent of $1,000 [i.e., $5,000 – $4,000].

65. How does a self-employed individual claim the credits for qualified sick leave equivalent amounts or qualified family leave equivalent amounts?

The refundable credits are claimed on the self-employed individual’s Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, tax return for the 2020 tax year.

66. How can a self-employed individual fund his or her qualified sick leave equivalent and qualified paid family leave equivalent amounts before filing his or her Form 1040?

The self-employed individual may fund sick leave and family leave equivalents by taking into account the credit to which the individual is entitled and will claim on Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, in determining required estimated tax payments. This means that a self-employed individual can effectively reduce payments of estimated income taxes that the individual would otherwise be required to make if the individual was not entitled to the credit on the Form 1040.